Which drug may lead to bruxism as a side effect?

Bruxism, the involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, can indeed be associated with certain medications, particularly those that impact neurotransmitter levels in the brain. Levomilnacipran, which is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), is known to affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels in a way that can lead to increased muscle activity, including bruxism. This side effect may arise due to the altered regulation of these neurotransmitters, which can influence motor control and muscle tension.

Duloxetine, which is also an SNRI, may share similar side effects but is generally not as commonly associated with bruxism as levomilnacipran. Psyllium, a bulk-forming laxative, primarily acts in the gastrointestinal tract and does not typically have central nervous system effects related to muscle activity. Escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), may have some musculoskeletal side effects, but bruxism is not prominently linked to it compared to levomilnacipran.

Understanding the mechanism through which levomilnacipran interacts with neurotransmitter systems helps clarify its potential to trigger bruxism as a side effect.